Diabetes and Hair loss: An Underrated Connection

March 21, 2023March 21, 2023 by Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

Diabetes and Hair loss: An Underrated Connection

Introduction:

Diabetes is a lifestyle illness that stays with you for life. The correct phrase to describe it: give it an inch and it’ll take a foot. Rightly so, diabetes is like a termite that infests every body part. Extensive research in the last decade has concluded that “HAIR” is the new mirror for diabetes. Hair can reveal a lot about the disease’s activity.

We are too worried about diabetes affecting the foot, the fingers, the nerves, and the eyes, but what about the hair? Is it vanity to draw this comparison? Trust me, no. The study of molecular hair has opened up new avenues for diagnosing diabetes and its complications. We also need to understand how to stop hair loss from diabetes.

What is hair loss?

At any given time, approximately 90% of the hairs on the scalp are in a growing phase. About 10% of the hairs are in a resting phase. After 2 to 3 months, the resting hairs enter the telogen phase, or the shedding phase, followed by new hair growth in their place.

Type 2 diabetes and hair loss:

Can type 1 diabetes cause hair loss? Yes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes can both cause hair loss in men and women.

Type 1 diabetes: Alopecia (baldness), like type 1 diabetes, is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissue. This can attack developing cells and hair follicles in the scalp, brows, eyelashes, and elsewhere.

Type 2 diabetes: Hair loss is a common side effect of type 2 diabetes because of poor blood circulation in the body. To grow hair, we need plenty of oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to reach our hair follicles.

Diabetes, on the other hand, can make capillaries and other larger vessels fragile and weak. Their efficiency in carrying blood to all parts of the body is compromised. Apart from the scalp, hair loss on the legs, feet, and arms is an evident sign of diabetes type 2. You tend to loose your eyebrow hair as well.

Causes of hair loss in diabetes:

Fragile blood vessels:

Small blood vessels like capillaries become weak, and fragile and lose their tonicity when blood sugar levels are high. Because of this damage, less oxygen and inadequate nutrients are supplied to the hair follicles, causing the hair to thin. This also causes your hair to lose its shine, appearing brittle, dry, dull, and lifeless. So, does diabetes cause dry hair? Yes, it sure does.

Deranged thyroid hormones:

Hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease that can cause significant hair loss in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Anemia:

Anemia is not caused by diabetes directly, but certain complications and conditions associated with diabetes can contribute to it. Diabetes-related kidney disease (nephropathy) and nerve damage (neuropathy), can both lead to the development of anemia. Furthermore, taking certain oral diabetes medications for diabetes can increase the risk of developing anemia.

Anemia directly causes poor oxygen supply to body cells, affecting hair growth rate.

Alopecia areata (autoimmune):

As explained, type 1 diabetes and alopecia are both autoimmune diseases. The disease wreaks havoc on the body’s tissues. This can result in an attack on growing cells and hair follicles in the scalp, brows, eyelashes, and all over the body.

Stress:

Diabetes causes physiological as well as psychological stress and anxiety. Stress and anxiety are both direct causes of hair loss. Dehydration is also a factor.

Frequently asked question: insulin resistance hair loss reversible?

If your blood sugar levels are not controlled with medical treatment, hair loss from type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance can be permanent. Patients who keep their blood sugar under check with medication, dietary measures, and regular exercise, on the other hand, have much better outcomes. There are chances of restricting balding.

How to control hair fall in diabetics:

Blood sugar management

It is critical to improving your blood sugar levels. Following the American Diabetes Association’s recommendation of keeping your HbA1c at or below 7%, will improve your overall health and prevent numerous diabetes-related complications, hair fall being one of them.

A count of less than 6.5 percent will ensure better health of the blood vessels and prevent the growth of fragile capillaries from reducing blood supply to the hair follicles. But this requires an aggressive approach to blood sugar reduction.

Medications

To be prescribed strictly by the physician or Diabetologist. Drugs like minoxidil (topical application) and finasteride (only for use by males) are widely used to induce hair growth.

Exercise

The best exercises are walking, swimming, calisthenics (body strength exercises using your body weight), and yoga. These are the best methods to rush oxygen to all body parts and boost metabolism (better digestion and absorption of food will in turn reduce blood sugar levels).

Biotin

Biotin levels in diabetics may be lower than recommended. Also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, it helps to slow hair loss in people who are deficient in it. Adults should consume 25 to 35 micrograms (mcg) per day, but supplements typically contain much higher amounts. Peanuts, almonds, potatoes, oats, onions, and eggs are natural biotin sources.

PRP

Platelet Rich Plasma is created by drawing blood from a patient and spinning it down. The plasma is then extracted. It is a concentrated version of platelets. It contains growth factors that can help stimulate the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to hair follicles.

Hair transplant

Hair or follicle transplants may not be a long-term solution.

Wigs

Essentially, false hair is a purely aesthetic option.

Conclusion:

Did you know that science now allows the diagnosis of diabetes through hair loss?

If a person is losing more hair than usual and the loss does not appear to follow a typical pattern of hair loss, a doctor must be consulted. Diabetics have thinner hair than non-diabetics. Diabetics have a significantly reduced hair shaft diameter.

Known fact: HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) is proportional to the average blood glucose concentration over the previous four to three months.

But did you know?

Keratin and other hair proteins are glycated as well. The levels of glycosylated keratin in hair can also be used to determine the onset of diabetes. Interesting, isn’t it?

I hope you like this article.

if you have any queries, please ask them in comments

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have a great Day!

Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

Dr Nikhil Prabhu is a consultant Diabetologist from mumbai. he has been practicing for more than 10 years and currently over 7000 patients are under his treatment for diabetes and thyroid disorder from mumbai and navi mumbai area. | you can book his appointment for tele-consultation on 9082523295 | follow us on YouTube for more diabetes & health related tips

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Bad breath and bleeding gums—are your sugar levels high?

March 2, 2023 by Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

Bad breath and bleeding gums—are your sugar levels high?

Introduction:

Diabetes—a deadly disease with roots that spread far and wide. Diabetes has countless effects, all of which last for a very long time. India is regarded as the “diabetes capital of the world” due to the alarming increase in diabetes diagnoses among the younger population. The most recent study has focused on the unavoidable link between diabetes and oral health.

Can diabetes affect your teeth?

Not just your teeth, diabetic gums is also a pestering issue. Diabetes has an impact on every organ in the body, including the skin, gut, kidney, heart, nervous system, eyes, and mouth. People are aware that diabetes can result in heart disease, coma, blindness, and kidney failure. Few people, however, are aware of the link between diabetes and oral health. A diabetologist-dentist partnership is necessary to help patients with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels and prevent diabetes teeth and gums.

Let’s understand how diabetes affects our mouths.

Diabetics are more likely to experience dental issues for the following reasons:

Bacteria that cause cavities thrive in conditions of increased salivary sugar brought on by high blood sugar. On the other hand, infections from soggy bleeding gums and decayed teeth can cause the blood sugar to rise and make it harder to control diabetes. It’s a vicious cycle. The faster you understand this, the better you can address the problems.
Diabetes alters the blood vessels. They are thickened, become frail, and also grow in numbers rapidly. These vessels do not supply the blood with the same efficiency as the normal ones. The nutrient supply is poor, and the cleansing action is inadequate. This reduced blood flow can cause diabetic gum and weak bones, putting them at a greater risk of infection.
Diabetes medication reduces oral salivation. Cavities develop when the enamel is exposed to different acids in food and beverages due to dry mouth. Dry gums are sore, attract tartar, and can bleed on exposure to anything hard. ‘Does metformin affect your teeth?’ Well, now you have an answer!

Diabetes mouth symptoms:

Do you have oral issues and suspect an underlying increase in blood sugar? Let’s find out.

Keep an eye on your oral health while eating and brushing. Watch out for the following signs:

Sore, reddish, bleeding gums.
Dull, boring, nagging jaw pain.
Receded gums; gums that pull away from the teeth.
Hypersensitive teeth
Salty taste
Bad breath
Shifting of teeth causing spacing
Dry mouth, causing burning sensations.
Food getting stuck at odd places
Development of pimple-like abscesses that resolve and recur spontaneously.

What should you do if you notice these diabetes mouth symptoms?

Visit your diabetologist first and then a dentist. Dental treatment requires sugar levels to be within a certain range (HbA1c within 7). Dental procedures performed with high sugar levels pose risks of cross infection, pneumonia, and endocarditis.

The diabetologist performs all necessary investigations to tap the root cause of any spike in the blood sugar. These could be

Uncontrolled foods and beverages.
Lots of sugar intake
Lack of sleep
Lots of coffee
Dehydration
Tolerance to diabetes medication
Dental issues.

Once the diabetologist has redone your prescription and changed your diet, he will closely monitor your blood sugar levels. Once it begins to subside, you can visit the dentist and start the required dental procedure.

Home appliances for sugar monitoring come in handy in such cases.

Diabetes gum disease treatment:

Now that we know that diabetics are susceptible to dental infections, especially the gums, let us begin with what you can do as a diabetic to prevent oral diseases from happening.

Monitor your glucose daily, and be disciplined with the prescribed medications. The market has plenty of authentic, FDA-approved gadgets to monitor blood sugar. Sugar-free, sweet substitutes are a great way to control your sweet tooth. Stop indulging, and you will see the results shortly.
Diet: Reduce foods that spike blood sugar and hydrate yourself well. Include a lot of fiber-rich foods, for instance, raw fruits and salads.

I would suggest an entire fruit over juices and shakes. Fiber is important to boost metabolism and counteract sugar. Green salads keep you full for a longer period, prevent frequent snacking, and also add bulk to your bowels. Apart from all the raw micronutrients that you receive from them, the sugar levels are also controlled.

Fibrous foods naturally scrub plaque and residues from the tooth and gum surface, keeping it clean.

Drink plenty of water. Hydrate yourself well. Dehydration concentrates the blood, thereby causing sugar spikes. It also reduces saliva flow in the mouth making the enamel susceptible to decay and the gums sore.
Before going to bed, make sure to brush. Brush twice daily. Do not indulge in midnight munching after that.
Don’t forget to brush your tongue after you’ve brushed your teeth. The white tongue coating can be removed using a tongue scraper. Fungal infections on the tongue are very common in diabetics. They present as white patches.
Repeat the three steps of floss, rinse, and repeat after each meal to remove any food particles. The toothbrush will not clean minor food residues from between the teeth. This is a leading cause of gum pockets and bone loss. Be thorough with your hygiene.
Water flossers are highly sophisticated oral hygiene devices. They use a strong water jet to flush out any loose dental plaque.
Mouthwashes: These are liquids that take care of sustainably releasing disinfectants in the mouth. Chlorhexidine, an ingredient in mouthwash, keeps gums healthy.
Make sure to rinse your mouth after taking a vitamin gummy or cough drops/lozenges. Gummies with no added sugars are available these days and are safe for diabetics.
Smoking and diabetes are a bad combination. Curb your cigarettes or nicotine intake of any sort.

Conclusion:

Stop contemplating! Do not wait until diabetes-related gum disease gets so bad that you lose all your precious teeth. Understand that maintaining good oral health will also help you control your diabetes and avoid health issues linked to it. It will be more challenging for you to follow a healthy meal plan if you have dental problems that result in tooth loss. Value the smile while you still have healthy teeth.

Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

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Is diabetes affecting your eyes?

February 28, 2023 by Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

Is diabetes affecting your eyes?

Introduction

People with diabetes may experience a variety of eye issues, collectively called “diabetic eyes.” These include glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic macular edema.

Diabetes is essentially a metabolic disorder. The body is not processing the food that you eat correctly. A hormone called insulin delivers glucose to the cells in your body. In diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells are just resistant to it.

The blood vessels and neurons, including the ones in your eyes, get damaged when there is too much glucose in the blood rather than inside the cells. This eventually causes poor vision or even blindness. However, by managing diabetes, you can take measures to stop this progression.

How do you know if diabetes is affecting your eyes?

Brief episodes of blurred vision:

High glucose levels in the blood alter the fluid quantity inside the eye, leading to swelling and causing blurred vision. This kind of hazy vision is transient and goes away as your blood sugar levels return to normal.

Persistently high blood sugar

This can harm the tiny blood vessels behind your eyes. The damaged blood vessels leak to cause swelling. They eventually rupture and cause bleeding into the center of the eye increasing the eye pressure.

Diabetic eyes and their types:

Diabetic retinopathy

The retina is a structure at the back of the eye. It is the light-absorbing center. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition where the retina is harmed by the surrounding damaged blood vessels.

Blood sugar ruins the health of the blood vessels, leading to leakage into the retina in early diabetic retinopathy.

As the illness progresses, some blocked capillaries stimulate the growth of newer, frail blood vessels. This causes serious vision issues. Diabetic retinopathy is fairly common. Early diagnosis and management of diabetic retinopathy can significantly lower the risk of blindness—by 95%.

Diabetic macular edema

The macula is that part of the retina that helps in clear vision. Leakage from the capillaries causes macular edema, or swelling. Blindness or partial vision loss may eventually ensue. Macular edema is the aftermath of diabetic retinopathy.

Glaucoma

Diabetes is a contributing factor to a certain type of glaucoma. Leakage and overgrowth of the blood capillaries near the iris (the colored part of the eye) raise eye pressure to abnormal levels, leading to glaucoma.

Swelling of the eye lens

A sudden rise or fall in blood sugar alters the shape of the delicate lens in the eyes. This results in blurry vision. The vision goes back to normal after your blood sugar stabilizes.

Cataract:

People with diabetes may develop cataracts at an early age; the progression of the cataract is also rapid when blood sugar levels are high. This causes a cloudy buildup in the lens of the eye, and blurred vision.

Can you have diabetes-related eye disorders?

The incidence of eye problems caused by diabetes increases in the following scenarios:

Uncontrolled blood sugar levels
Persistent high blood pressure
High blood cholesterol levels.
Smoking
Comorbidities

Early-stage diabetes eyes symptoms

Initially, diabetes-related eye disorders show no signs. Gradually, you may begin to notice a few things:

unsteady or blurred vision
poor color perception
flashing lights
dim areas or reduced vision
Frequent vision fluctuations, sometimes even daily.
spots or strings of darkness (also known as floaters)

There are diabetic eye-related medical emergencies that warrant an immediate phone call to your diabetologist. This includes:

A feeling of a sudden cover over the eyes (blurring)
Rapid flashes of light floaters that remain constant for more than a day.

These could be signs of the retina losing its attachment. Call your doctor immediately.

Eye checkups in diabetes:

If you have diabetes, you need to get your eyes checked periodically.

You will be given an eye drop in the clinic to enlarge the pupil and have better visual access to the retina.
Pictures of the backs of the eyes are taken using a specialized camera.

In-built AI apps are available these days that can read the results of the retinal examination to diagnose diabetic eyes.

Diabetes eye treatment:

Treat diabetes at its source by implementing the ABCs schedule, which includes quitting smoking and routine monitoring of HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
In terms of medical treatment, VEGF-blocking medications are the mainstay. These can stop fluid leaks and inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye.
With a laser beam, also known as photocoagulation, small burns are made inside the eye. This procedure addresses internal swelling and blood vessel leakage.
Vitrectomy is the surgical way to remove the vitreous humor or the fluid that fills the inside of the eye. The procedure treats problems with severe bleeding to prevent the formation of diabetic retinopathy.
In the case of cataracts, the cloudy lens is removed and an artificial lens is placed.

How to prevent eye damage from diabetes

Golden rule: Manage the blood sugar levels first!

Check your blood sugar after short breaks or use a continuous glucose meter. You might need to check it more frequently if you are anxious or ill. Provide yourself with a target sugar level and work towards it. 85-140 mg/dL before food and less than 185 mg/dL 1-2 hours after meals are good.

Apart from that,

Maintain healthy cholesterol and blood pressure levels (regular monitoring and medications). Reduce salt consumption. Low-salt diets also assist in maintaining the health of your eyes by reducing inflammation in the tiny blood vessels there. Use pink salt or other herbs to flavor.
Avoid smoking. Nicotine patches and e-cigarettes come in handy.
Exercise walks, or workouts should become routine. Moderate-intensity exercises like brisk walking are mandatory. Use workout gadgets like smart watches and pedometers to gauge your progress. Find enjoyable exercises to motivate yourself like Zumba.
Include face yoga and eye exercises. It is a great way of destressing yourself.
Plenty of fruits and vegetables should be included in your daily diet. To help prevent retinopathy, consume fresh fruit, vegetables, and fish. Obesity increases your risk of developing diabetic eye conditions. Simple homemade food and zero junk food can do wonders.
Protect the eyes from UV rays and too much screen time. Use appropriate eyewear for the same.

Conclusion:

Periodic screening of the abdomen is vital in today’s world. High levels of blood sugar could be warning signs for other underlying disorders, like pancreatic cancer.

Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

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Top 10 Gadgets for Diabetes Home Management

June 4, 2023January 22, 2023 by Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

Inroduction:

One of the most important and ubiquitous public health problems on the globe is diabetes. The fact that there is now no known treatment for diabetes makes it frightening, therefore, patients must learn to control their condition through regular monitoring to make sure their blood glucose levels stay balanced.

Cut to chase:

Medical science has reached its zenith in the past decade. In India and around the world, readily accessible technology and products are essential for ongoing health monitoring. With a range of new science and technological advancements, diabetic devices and anti-diabetic products continue to hold the promise of making diabetes easier to control.

Today, we’ll talk about a few innovative new health-related gadgets and products that not only impress the diabetologist but could also inspire and motivate people with the disease, who are seeking for ways to simplify their lives and make it easier to manage their own health.

1. Glucometer

These days’ glucometers are easier to use than ever. The glucose meter measures the amount of glucose present in any solution, in this case, blood. It is important to measure even the low blood sugar symptoms

For the patients, it is important that the glucose test be as painless and unobtrusive as possible. including advanced glucose meters, continuous glucose monitors (CGM), and insulin pumps.

Modern, advanced glucometers are entirely painless. Now, blood glucose levels can be measured directly from the skin without a prick and a messy procedure using artificial intelligence and sensor fusion. Skin sensors, transmitters, and a smartphone app record the monitored data daily and transfer the same to your diabetologist.

Continuous glucose monitoring is a wearable device that measures glucose around the clock.
A tiny sensor will be automatically inserted under your skin on either your arm or your abdomen. Your intercell glucose level, or the glucose present in the fluid between cells, is measured by the sensor.

CGM is not for everyone. But is it for you?
Erratic unstable glucose levels
wishing to lower their HbA1c levels

2. Glucometer strips

Available with the glucometer kit, this is the basis of a sugar test at home. It is the corridor that suckers up your blood blob. Blood glucose reacts with a glucose oxidase-containing enzyme electrode in the strip (or dehydrogenase) to give you a reading.
The glucose reaction generates an electrical signal when the strip is placed into the meter. The glucometer is calibrated so that the number shown in its digital readout reflects the strength of this electrical current; the higher the number, the higher the sugar levels!

3. Artificial sweetner

Everyone finds it difficult to manage their sweet tooth; “khaane ke baad kuch meetha ho jaye?” but type 2 diabetics must be especially careful about how much sugar and other carbohydrates they ingest. Hence, there are sugar substitutes or commonly called sugar free:

Artificial sweetning agents or sugar substitutes are of 2 tyes:
Nutritive These provide calories and can affect your blood sugar.
Nonnutritive These provide little to no calories will not raise your blood sugar
To name a few sucralose, saccharin, aspartame, stevia, erythritol, acesulfame potassium (this is the one in diet soda), and many more.

Let’s understand the benefits of these:

Maintains blood sugar status
Does not cause weight gain
Prevents tooth cavities

Risks:

Don’t overuse it. The brain becomes tolerant of sugar substitutes and may even cease to react when there has been a real instance of sugar overload.

4. Diabetic Friendly Chappals

Orthopedic and diabetic footwear is made to reduce the symptoms of various foot conditions, including those caused by diabetes. They improve gait (walking pattern), cushion the foot properly for motion comfort, and aid in deformity correction. They should be ideal for both indoor and outdoor use.

Diabetics who experience burning feet may eventually develop ulcers and gangrene.
Wearing footwear with a specific design can help reduce this risk by encouraging healthy circulation in your feet.

A few mandatory features of diabetic friendly chappals include:

Relieves Foot Pain.
Skin friendly, enhance comfort and protection
Provide Arch Support
Increases blood circulation
Prevents slipping

5. Skin nourisher and moisturizer :

Dermatologists advise that proper skin care is essential for managing diabetes. Diabetes dry skin, infection, an open sore, or a wound that won’t heal can all be avoided with proper skin care.
You can treat and avert skin changes by taking good care of your skin.

Having diabetes frequently results in extremely dry skin. Skin cracks have the potential to form, widen, and bleed. Your chance of getting a serious infection rises as a result of these deep cracks. Keeping your skin moisturized helps to make it flexible and supple.

6. Blood pressure Measurement:

Diabetes hardens blood vessel walls, restricting blood flow – as a result, raising blood pressure. Diabetic hypertension is a real problem. High blood pressure has the potential to either cause or exacerbate a wide range of diabetic complications, including diabetic kidney disease, diabetic eye disease, and even stroke.

7. Pulse Oximeter :

Pulse oximetry may not be the best method for determining the blood oxygenation level in people with type 2 diabetes. The partial pressure of O2 is overestimated when blood HbA1c levels are elevated, indicating that a blood gas analysis may be required for type 2 diabetic patients to see the real picture when treating hypoxemia.

Type 1 diabetes patients have low blood oxygenation levels. Keep an oximeter by your bedside to keep an eye on any subtle changes.

8. Thermometer :

Skin temperature monitoring is essential for diabetics. Dermal thermometry has become a useful tool for predicting the onset of ulceration in diabetic neuropathy who can detect high-temperature differences between their feet. Normal thermometers are very useful while fever monitoring due to any cause and diabetics should keep it handy.

9. Weighing scale :

Weight management in diabetes is crucial. Two kinds of weighing scales, one for the kitchen and one for the bathroom, are a must for diabetics. Weighing your meals strictly maintains the diet. Use the other scale wisely to closely monitor your body weight.

Remember, do not obsess over weighing scales and numbers. Stressing out is even worse for diabetics.

10. Heating mats :

Heating pads, electric blankets, hot water bottles, or even extremely hot baths can all be relaxing and soothing, but for someone with diabetes, they can be dangerous.

For easing body aches, joint pains, muscle cramps, and stiffness, heating pads are a convenient and simple solution. It provides heat therapy, which ultimately helps our body relax, and this heat therapy offers a soothing effect to the region where it is applied. Diabetic neuropathy can cause numbness, which can ultimately lead to the loss of touch and temperature sensations in your hands and feet. This may lead to unintentional burns from heating mats.

Conclusion :

Diabetes is a lifestyle disease and can be controlled if you are motivated in doing so.

Dr. Nikhil Prabhu ( Diabetes Specialist )

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Diabetes and Hair loss: An Underrated Connection

Introduction:

What is hair loss?

Type 2 diabetes and hair loss:

Causes of hair loss in diabetes:

Frequently asked question: insulin resistance hair loss reversible?

How to control hair fall in diabetics:

Conclusion:

Related posts:

Introduction:

Can diabetes affect your teeth?

Diabetics are more likely to experience dental issues for the following reasons:

Diabetes mouth symptoms:

What should you do if you notice these diabetes mouth symptoms?

Diabetes gum disease treatment:

Conclusion:

Related posts:

Introduction

How do you know if diabetes is affecting your eyes?

Diabetic eyes and their types:

Diabetic macular edema

Glaucoma

Swelling of the eye lens

Cataract:

Can you have diabetes-related eye disorders?

Early-stage diabetes eyes symptoms

Eye checkups in diabetes:

Diabetes eye treatment:

How to prevent eye damage from diabetes

Golden rule: Manage the blood sugar levels first!

Conclusion:

Related posts:

Inroduction:

Cut to chase:

1. Glucometer

2. Glucometer strips

3. Artificial sweetner

4. Diabetic Friendly Chappals

5. Skin nourisher and moisturizer :

6. Blood pressure Measurement:

7. Pulse Oximeter :

8. Thermometer :

9. Weighing scale :

10. Heating mats :

Conclusion :

Related posts: